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Fourth Quarter 2025 Review and Commentary

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January 9, 2026

Robert Bingham, CFA, President and Chief Investment Officer
John Wright, Principal, Senior Portfolio Manager
Jared Soper, Senior Portfolio Manager
Tyler Waterman, Director of Research, Portfolio Manager

Fourth Quarter 2025 Review and Commentary

“Skepticism and pessimism aren’t synonymous. Skepticism calls for pessimism when optimism is excessive. But it also calls for optimism when pessimism is excessive.”

 – Howard Marks, Co-Founder of Oaktree Capital Management

2025 marked another year of above-average market returns as the S&P 500 delivered a total return of 17.9%, driven once again by technology stocks and the Magnificent 7*. The year was not without volatility as investors combatted negative sentiment and risks related to tariffs, trade policy uncertainty, inflation, geopolitical tensions, a weak dollar, cracks in private credit, artificial intelligence (AI) valuation skepticism, a federal government shutdown, spikes in health care premiums, and rising unemployment levels.

Despite these headwinds, total returns were positive in all 11 sectors of the market, with communication services, technology, and industrials outperforming the S&P 500. U.S. stocks demonstrated their resilience with earnings per share growing over 10% as J. P. Morgan observed, “most of the cost of tariffs appear to have been absorbed by U.S. retailers.”

Now that 2025 is in the rearview mirror, investors have begun to focus on the prospects for sustained market momentum in 2026. We put together a list of key themes and our thoughts on the investment outlook over the next 12 months. Ultimately, we see a reasonably high probability that the market performs well as the drivers from last year carry into this year. However, we acknowledge that there are risks to our outlook that need to be considered, which we have also laid out.

Outlook for 2026

  • Tax refunds this April from the passage of last year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act should be stimulative and support consumer spending in the first half of 2026. Internal Revenue Service CEO Frank Bisignano predicted that Americans will receive the “biggest refunds we’ve ever seen” for the 2026 tax season.
  • Interest rates should continue to trend lower as Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell is likely to be replaced this spring by someone who favors additional rate cuts. The Fed Funds rate was most recently lowered by 25 basis points (bps) to a range of 3.5% to 3.75% at December’s Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting. The Fed also decided to initiate purchases of shorter-term Treasuries, which will be stimulative in combination with further rate cuts.
  • Bond markets should perform well in a declining interest rate environment.
  • Oil prices are likely to remain depressed after declining around 20% last year as demand stays muted and efforts are made to bring an end to the Russia-Ukraine war. Lower oil and gasoline prices would help keep inflation low and support the U.S. administration’s desire to see more interest rate cuts. A greater supply of oil shipments from Venezuela after U.S. intervention might further amplify the oil supply-demand imbalance and help to push prices lower.
  • Capital expenditures (CAPEX) related to artificial intelligence investment and data center buildouts, driven by large cloud service providers and data center operators (hyperscalers), will remain elevated and drive earnings growth for AI-related companies. A chart of CAPEX growth among the top 5 hyperscalers can be seen below. The figure is expected to increase in 2026, with some estimates exceeding $600 billion.

Hyperscaler Capital Expenditures

Fourth Quarter 2025 Review and Commentary
  • Industrials should continue to outperform as onshoring continues and spending increases on infrastructure and aerospace & defense. Apple is leading the way, announcing a four-year, $500 billion U.S. investment early last year.
  • Financials, particularly banks and other interest rate sensitive industries, should continue to do well in an environment where the yield curve is steepening.
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is expected to be slightly more than 2%. The median participant of the FOMC’s Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) projects that real GDP will rise 2.3% in 2026, up from 1.7% in 2025. Jerome Powell commented that were it not for the government shutdown last fall, real GDP growth projections would have been around 1.9% in 2025 and 2.1% in 2026.
  • S&P 500 earnings per share (EPS) growth is projected to be around 15% over the next 2 years based on consensus estimates. S&P 500 EPS estimates can be seen in the chart below.
Fourth Quarter 2025 Review and Commentary
  • Corporate margins should expand and productivity should continue to improve as companies integrate AI solutions in their operations and reconfigure their workforces.

These catalysts provide a compelling fundamental case for growth in 2026, but they do not exist in a vacuum. As Howard Marks reminds us, the key to navigating such an environment is distinguishing between objective reality and market sentiment.

Sustaining this momentum requires a delicate balance between inflation staying cool enough for the Fed to ease, and consumer spending staying hot enough to justify elevated corporate valuations. To maintain a truly skeptical posture, we must weigh these opportunities against the following set of risks that could alter the outcome of the year ahead.

Risks

  • One of the most significant concerns for investors this year is AI company valuations as the sustainability of their revenue growth and margin expansion is called into question. The possibility of a bursting “AI bubble” topped the ranking of the 15 largest risks for this year in a Deutsche Bank poll, with 57% of respondents placing it in their top three concerns for 2026. However, there has been increasing scrutiny of AI-related spending since the beginning of 2025’s fourth quarter, which we see as a healthy sign that the market remains skeptical and not excessively optimistic. Companies like Oracle and Broadcom ended the fourth quarter down 44% and 17% respectively from their highs as investors tempered their expectations following their earnings releases.
  • There are also concerns about weakness in the labor market caused by lower hiring activity and lower labor force participation rates. However, Dr. David Kelly, Chief Global Strategist at J.P. Morgan, points out that the “impact of slow job growth on the unemployment rate should be mitigated by lower immigration.”
  • There is a risk that we see higher inflation figures due to increased consumer spending when tax refunds are received this spring. Companies may choose to pass on more of their tariff costs in conjunction with rising consumer sentiment.
  • Affordability issues will also likely persist, even as select tariffs on food items such as coffee and bananas, and more recently furniture and cabinets, have been rolled back or delayed in response to growing concerns. The Trump administration has also called for meetings with all the U.S.-based health insurers in the coming days, most likely to negotiate lower consumer health care costs.
  • Concerns about deficits and geo-political events will also persist.

While 2026 will undoubtedly be marked by periods of volatility, such fluctuations are a common feature of a healthy market. In this environment, we encourage investors to view performance through the lens of a full market cycle rather than a single twelve-month snapshot. By prioritizing progress toward individuals’ specific financial goals, we can maintain the discipline necessary to endure these inevitable shifts.

Do please give us a call if you’d like to meet directly.  All our best to each of you for a Happy and Healthy New Year!

Securities noted above valued as of the market close on October 8, 2025:

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD $235.56)                                          Alphabet Inc. Class C (GOOG $245.46)                                   

Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN $225.22)                                                                                Broadcom Inc. (AVGO $345.50)                                                                   

CoreWeave, Inc. (CRWV $139.98)                                                                                  Microsoft Corporation (MSFT $524.85)                 

NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA $189.11)                                                        Oracle Corporation (ORCL $288.63)

 

These summary/prices/quotes/statistics contained herein have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but are not necessarily complete and cannot be guaranteed.  Errors and omissions excepted. 

This is not a general recommendation to buy or sell any particular security. Such advice is given to each of our clients individually based on their particular financial goals and objectives, risk tolerance and investment experience. For advice regarding your individual portfolio, please contact your investment manager. The information displayed here is limited to the dissemination of general information on products and services and transactions cannot be completed via this website.

The charts included in this report are sourced from Yardeni Research. 

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How Are Capital Gains Taxed In Connecticut (CT)?

How Are Capital Gains Taxed In Connecticut (CT)?

THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO CONNECTICUT CAPITAL GAINS AND TAX RATES

Capital gains can have a meaningful impact on your tax picture in Connecticut, yet many taxpayers are unclear on how gains are treated at the state level, how a sale may affect their overall tax rate, or how Connecticut rules differ from federal law.

This guide explains how capital gains are taxed in Connecticut, how they flow through the state’s income tax system, how federal and state rules interact, and what to consider when planning significant financial transactions.

As a Connecticut-based financial advisory firm, our goal is to provide clarity as you make informed tax and investment decisions.

Learn more about taxes in Connecticut.

See how SKY can help navigate your specific situation.
Talk to An Advisor

Key Takeaways

  • Connecticut taxes capital gains as ordinary income.
  • There is no reduced CT long-term capital gains rate.
  • Large gains can push income into higher state brackets.
  • Most sales trigger both federal and Connecticut tax.

What Is Capital Gain?

A capital gain is the profit you realize when you sell an asset for more than its purchase price. These items, known as capital assets, can include many types of property and investments.

Capital assets include:

  • Stocks and Bonds
  • ETF’s and Mutual Funds
  • Private Equity and Venture Capital Investments
  • Real Estate
  • Business Ownership Interests
  • Collectibles
  • Other Personal Investments

When a gain occurs, it increases your taxable income. That income becomes part of both your federal income tax calculation and your Connecticut state income tax calculation.

There are two primary types of capital gains:

  • Short-Term Capital Gains: Assets held for one year or less
  • Long-Term Capital Gains: Assets held for more than one year

At the federal level, this distinction matters because long-term capital gains are often taxed at preferential rates, while short-term gains are taxed as ordinary income.

For state tax purposes, both short-term and long-term capital gains are included in Connecticut taxable income and taxed at the same progressive state income tax rates.

How Connecticut Taxes Capital Gain Income

Connecticut Does Not Have A Separate Capital Gains Tax Rate

Connecticut does not impose a separate state capital gains tax. Instead, Connecticut treats capital gains income the same way it treats wages, interest, dividends, or other income. The gain becomes part of your Connecticut adjusted gross income, and the state’s progressive income tax system applies.

When you earn a capital gain, that gain:

  • Increases taxable income
  • Moves you through Connecticut state tax brackets
  • Raises total Connecticut state income tax liability based on your bracket

Connecticut State Income Tax Rates And Capital Gains

Connecticut uses a progressive income tax system, meaning your tax rate increases as your income increases. As capital gains increase your total income, they can push more of your income into a higher tax bracket.

Connecticut Income Tax Brackets (Applied To Capital Gains As Regular Income)

Connecticut Taxable Income (Single Filer)
Connecticut Taxable Income (Married, Filing Jointly)
Connecticut Tax Rate
$0 – $10,000
$0–$20,000
2.00%
$10,000 – $50,000
$20,001–$100,000
4.50%
$50,000 – $100,000
$100,001–$200,000
5.50%
$100,000 – $200,000
$200,001–$400,000
6.00%
$200,000 – $250,000
$400,001–$500,000
6.50%
$250,000 – $500,000
$500,001–$1,000,000
6.90%
$500,000+
$1,000,000+
6.99%

Because capital gains are included in Connecticut taxable income, they can materially affect your state tax bill during major financial events, such as when you:

  • Sell a home with taxable gain
  • Sell appreciated securities
  • Sell business ownership
  • Liquidate a large investment

As a result, a capital gain is typically subject to federal capital gains tax and Connecticut state income tax at the same time.

Example: How A Capital Gain Can Affect Connecticut Taxes

Assume a Connecticut resident, single filer, earns $180,000 of regular income and sells appreciated stock for a $150,000 long-term capital gain.

At the federal level, the gain is taxed at long-term capital gains rates, potentially plus the net investment income tax, depending on total income.

At the Connecticut level, the same $150,000 gain is added to state taxable income, increasing total Connecticut income to $330,000 and pushing portions of the gain into higher state brackets including the 6.5% and 6.9% rates that would not have applied without the sale. The result is a layered tax outcome: preferential federal capital gains tax treatment combined with higher-rate taxation at the state level. This interaction often surprises taxpayers and materially increases the overall tax cost of a large sale.

Simple Example Of How A Capital Gain Moves Through CT Tax Brackets

Portion Of Gain Taxed
Connecticut Rate
Tax Owed On Portion
First $10,000
2.00%
$200
Next $40,000
4.50%
$1,800
Next $50,000
5.50%
$2,750
Next $100,000
6.00%
$6,000
Next $50,000
6.50%
$3,250
Remaining Amount
6.90% – 6.99%
Varies

This shows that not all of the gain is taxed at one single rate. Instead, pieces of the gain move through each tax bracket.

Reporting Capital Gains On A Connecticut Tax Return

Capital gains are reported on your Connecticut return through your federal income calculations. When a gain occurs, it increases your federal adjusted gross income, which then flows directly into your Connecticut adjusted gross income. As a result, the gain increases your Connecticut taxable income and may push a portion of it into higher state tax brackets.

Connecticut does not require a separate capital gains tax form. The state largely relies on your federal adjusted gross income and then applies Connecticut-specific rules and tax rates to determine your final tax liability.

 

Planning Considerations To Reduce Capital Gains Tax Impact

Connecticut’s tax treatment of capital gains is fixed, but when and how a gain is realized can materially affect the amount of tax owed and the timing of that liability. The following strategies do not eliminate capital gains tax, but they can help manage its impact.

Timing of sales

Spreading sales across multiple tax years or deferring a transaction may keep income from spilling into higher state tax brackets. This is especially relevant for business sales, large portfolio liquidations, or concentrated positions.

Using losses to offset gains

Capital losses from other investments can offset capital gains, reducing the amount of gain included in taxable income. Loss harvesting must follow IRS rules, including wash sale restrictions, but can be an effective tool when rebalancing portfolios.

Coordinating with retirement planning strategies

Large capital gains can affect income-based thresholds tied to retirement planning, such as Medicare premiums or the taxation of Social Security benefits. Coordinating asset sales with retirement income sources can help avoid unintended consequences.

Primary residence exclusion

Federal tax law allows eligible homeowners to exclude a portion of gain from the sale of a primary residence if ownership and use requirements are met. While Connecticut follows federal income definitions, understanding how this exclusion applies can significantly reduce the taxable gain reported at both the federal and state level.

Talk to an advisor about your unique tax situation.

Hear more about our personalized approach to tax mitigation.
Contact Us Today

Support When You Need Guidance

Capital gains planning sits at the intersection of state and federal tax systems. Missteps can be costly, and significant gains often have lasting implications for cash flow, investment strategy, and long-term planning.

If you need thoughtful advice on how Connecticut’s capital gains tax aligns with your financial objectives, SKY IG can help you design a strategy that works for your unique situation.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Does Connecticut conform to federal exclusions?
Generally, yes. Connecticut starts with federal adjusted gross income, so federal exclusions, such as the primary residence exclusion, typically flow through to the Connecticut return unless the state requires a specific adjustment.

Can capital losses reduce Connecticut taxes?
Yes. Capital losses that are allowed at the federal level also reduce Connecticut taxable income, subject to the same federal limitations on how losses may be used or carried forward.

Are seniors exempt from capital gains tax in CT?
No. Connecticut does not provide a senior-specific exemption from capital gains tax. Gains are taxed as part of ordinary income regardless of age. However, there is a specific, limited exception for home sales by older residents under state law: if a taxpayer is age 65 or older and has owned and used their principal residence for at least five of the previous eight years, the gain from that sale may be exempt from Connecticut capital gains tax.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

Contact us today to start a conversation

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Connecticut 529 College Savings: How to Choose the Right Plan for Your Family

Bustling university campus scene, diverse students walking between buildings, lush green spaces, architectural mix of classic and modern structures

Saving for a child’s future education is one of the most meaningful steps a family can take, but it can also feel overwhelming. Connecticut parents often hear about CHET, national 529 plans, tax benefits, and withdrawal rules, without clear guidance on how they actually compare.

This guide explains how 529 plans work, what CHET offers, and when a Connecticut plan makes sense versus choosing a national option. We focus on the practical factors that matter most (tax treatment, investment flexibility, fees, and long-term use) so you can choose a plan that aligns with your family’s goals and avoid costly missteps. SKY Investment Group helps families and individuals plan for the cost of higher education. Our goal is to offer clarity that helps you make confident decisions for your family.

Understanding 529 College Savings Plans

A 529 plan is a tax-advantaged savings program that helps families prepare for future education expenses. Contributions grow tax-free, and withdrawals used for qualified higher education expenses avoid federal tax.

Families choose 529 college savings plans because they offer:

  • Tax-free growth when used for qualified expenses
  • A dedicated account for education goals
  • The ability to use funds at accredited colleges, universities, and many trade or vocational programs
  • Limited use of funds for K–12 tuition
  • Limited use of funds for student loan repayments

A 529 account can be opened by anyone, with contributions from parents, grandparents, other relatives, or friends who want to support a child’s education savings. Savings may come from multiple 529 accounts, and families may coordinate withdrawals from different accounts when paying future college costs.

Withdrawals used for non-qualified expenses may be subject to federal income tax and a federal tax penalty. A financial advisor can help families coordinate contributions, manage investment choices, and stay aligned with tax rules to make the most of their education savings.

Which 529 plan is right for you?

Talk to an advisor to learn about your options.
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Why Connecticut Families Often Start With CHET

Connecticut residents often begin their search with the Connecticut Higher Education Trust 529 college savings program, known as CHET. This plan is sponsored by the State of Connecticut and offers a clear structure for families who want to save for higher education.

Key features include:

  • A Connecticut state income tax deduction for contributions
  • A range of portfolios designed for long-term saving
  • A simple online enrollment process
  • Tools that help families track progress toward college goals

For many local families, the state income tax deduction becomes an important part of their decision. This deduction is not available for plans sponsored by other states.

How CHET Works

The Connecticut 529 plan gives families a dedicated way to save for future education expenses. CHET supports both residents and nonresidents, although the state income tax deduction applies only to Connecticut taxpayers.

Investment Options With a Clear Structure

CHET includes several portfolio types that suit different saving styles:

  • Age-based portfolios that shift over time
  • Static portfolios with steady risk exposure
  • Individual fund portfolios for families who want specific allocations

These options allow families to match investment objectives to the child’s age and the planned timeline for future education costs.

Tax Advantages for Connecticut Residents

Connecticut residents may deduct CHET contributions on a per-beneficiary basis. This can reduce state income tax and help families direct more resources toward future education savings. Tax benefits vary by household and should be reviewed with a tax professional.

Flexible Use of Funds

CHET funds may be used to pay for:

  • Tuition at accredited colleges and universities
  • Room and board
  • Textbooks and course materials
  • Required equipment or supplies
  • Certain apprenticeship program expenses
  • A limited amount of K–12 tuition
  • Qualified education loan repayments within federal limits

Oversight From the State of Connecticut

CHET operates under the authority of the Office of the Treasurer. The plan follows state and federal rules that guide investment choices, disclosure requirements, and use of funds.

Comparing CHET With Other 529 College Savings Plans

CHET is Connecticut’s home-state 529 plan, but many families also review plans from other states. National programs can differ in fees, investment options, portfolio structure, and flexibility, which may make another plan appealing depending on your goals.

Families often compare plans because they may:

  • Prefer different investment styles or portfolio options
  • Want the option to open a plan outside their home state
  • Expect to move out of Connecticut
  • Care how age-based portfolios are structured
  • Want to evaluate fee differences and long-term impact

For Connecticut residents, CHET offers a meaningful advantage: it is the only plan that provides a Connecticut state income tax deduction, which can significantly benefit long-term savings.

When CHET May Make Sense

  • You want Connecticut’s state income tax deduction
  • You prefer a clear and straightforward investment lineup
  • You plan to make steady, predictable contributions
  • You value a program sponsored by the State of Connecticut

When Another State’s 529 May Make Sense

  • You want investment choices CHET does not offer
  • You expect to relocate before a child begins college
  • You want flexibility to compare multiple plan structures
  • The Connecticut state deduction is not the deciding factor

How the Connecticut State Tax Deduction Works

CHET’s deduction applies on a per-beneficiary basis each year.

A few important points:

  • The deduction applies only to CHET.
  • Funds deducted must remain in the plan for the taxable years following the deduction.
  • Withdrawals used for qualified expenses remain tax-free at the federal level.
  • Withdrawals used for non-qualified purposes may be subject to federal income tax and a federal tax penalty.

Families who want to maximize state benefits generally stay with CHET for this reason.

How to Open a CHET 529 College Savings Account

Parents and caregivers can open a CHET account through the official CHET website. The process is simple:

  1. Create or sign in to an online account.
  2. Provide information about the beneficiary.
  3. Select investment options that match your goals.
  4. Make an initial contribution.
  5. Set up ongoing contributions if desired.

After setup, the account can be managed and updated as your child’s education plans take shape.

How 529 Plans Fit Into a Broader Financial Plan

A 529 plan works best when it’s part of a larger financial picture, not a standalone decision. For many families, the challenge isn’t choosing whether to save for education, but how to balance that goal alongside other priorities.

Balancing education savings and retirement
College is important, but retirement can’t be financed later. Many families prioritize retirement contributions first, then direct additional savings toward a 529 plan to avoid compromising long-term security.

Considering financial aid implications
529 plans are generally treated favorably in financial aid formulas, but account ownership matters. Parent- and grandparent-owned accounts are assessed differently, and understanding how assets and distributions are counted can help avoid unintended reductions in aid.

Coordinating with trusts, gifts, and estate planning
For higher-net-worth families, 529 plans often fit into broader wealth-transfer strategies. Contributions can align with annual gifting, trust structures, and long-term estate planning when coordinated thoughtfully.

The role of grandparents and family gifting
529 plans offer grandparents a structured way to support education while retaining flexibility. Ownership, timing, and coordination with the family’s overall plan all influence how effective these contributions are.

A Path Forward for Connecticut Families

Choosing a 529 plan comes down to your family’s timeline, tax situation, and comfort with long-term investing. For many Connecticut families, CHET offers a straightforward way to save for education while capturing state tax benefits, but the right choice depends on your broader financial picture.

SKY Investment Group helps families compare 529 options, understand how education savings fit into their overall plan, and make informed decisions with confidence. If you’d like guidance building or refining a college savings strategy, our team is here to help.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

Contact us today to start a conversation

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Preparing Your Family for Capital Gains Tax on Inherited Property

Sunset at Chatham, Cape Cod Summer Rental

When families inherit property, they often face a mix of emotion, responsibility, and uncertainty. Understanding capital gains tax, valuation rules, and what happens when you sell inherited property helps protect your family’s legacy and provides clarity during a complicated time. Whether you plan to inherit the property, pass it on to the next generation, or are navigating the sale of inherited property, thoughtful estate planning can help you minimize or even avoid unnecessary taxable gain.

SKY Investment Group offers families expert guidance and customized planning to protect their legacy and support effective family wealth transfers.

Key Takeaways

  • Inheriting property is not a taxable event. You only owe capital gains tax if you sell for more than the stepped-up basis.
  • The stepped-up basis resets the property’s value to its fair market value at the time of inheritance, often reducing future taxable gain.
  • Estates are responsible for paying estate tax, not the inheritee.
  • Selling soon after inheritance, tracking improvements, or using available exclusions may significantly reduce capital gains tax.

When Do You Pay Capital Gains Tax on Inherited Property?

Many families worry they will owe capital gains tax immediately after receiving an inheritance. The good news is that you do not pay capital gains tax simply because you inherit property. There is no federal inheritance tax at the individual level, and income tax does not apply to the transfer itself.

You pay capital gains tax only if and when the inherited property is sold for more than its stepped-up basis. The stepped-up basis reflects the fair market value of the property as of the date of death, not the original purchase price. This tax advantage often wipes out decades of appreciation for tax purposes, which may dramatically lower your future taxable gain.

For example:
If the decedent owned the property and purchased it decades ago for an original purchase price of $30,000, and the value of the property was $430,000 on the date of death, your new tax basis becomes $430,000. If you sell the property for close to that amount, you may owe little or no capital gains tax.

This rule applies whether you inherit a home, investment land, or rental property.

Understanding the Types of Taxes That May Apply When You Inherit Property

Families often hear about several different taxes and wonder which ones matter. Not all taxes apply in every situation.

Capital Gains Tax

This tax applies only when the property you inherited is sold for more than the stepped-up basis. The gains tax on the difference between the sale price and the stepped-up basis creates the taxable gain. This is the main type of tax on inherited property most families are concerned about.

Federal Estate Tax

The estate tax applies only at the estate level if the estate tax threshold is exceeded. For most families, estate tax only applies in large estates. Estates worth more than $13.99 million in 2025 and $15 million in 2026 can face federal estate taxes, which are paid out of the estate itself and therefore lower the amount ultimately passed on to beneficiaries. Beneficiaries do not directly pay this tax.

Inheritance Tax

A few states impose a formal inheritance tax, but many have eliminated it. The federal government does not impose a federal inheritance tax.

How the Stepped-Up Basis Helps Reduce Capital Gains Tax

The stepped-up basis is one of the most important tax rules that helps families avoid paying capital gains tax unnecessarily. When you inherit the property, its tax basis resets to the fair market value as of the date of death.

This means:

  • Earlier appreciation is no longer subject to capital gains tax
  • Only gain since you inherited the property may create taxable income
  • You may eliminate years of potential tax liability

For example:
If the property you inherited is valued at $430,000 at inheritance and you later sell it for $480,000, your taxable gain is only $50,000.

If you sell inherited property for less than the stepped-up basis, you may be able to claim a capital loss, which can offset other gains on your tax return, especially if the property is an investment or rental property.

When Do You Owe Capital Gains Tax on the Sale of Inherited Property?

You owe capital gains tax only when:

  1. The inherited property is sold, and
  2. The sale price exceeds the stepped-up basis.

If you sell inherited property soon after the inheritance, the value often aligns closely with the market value on the date of death, meaning you may owe little or nothing.

If you keep the inherited home for several years, market appreciation can create long-term capital gain, which may be taxed at a long-term capital tax rate. Holding the property longer may increase your potential capital gains tax.

Primary Residence Exclusion

If you inherit property and live in the home for at least two of the five years before the sale, you may qualify to exclude:

  • Up to $250,000 of capital gain, or
  • Up to $500,000 if married filing jointly

How Capital Gains Are Calculated When Inherited Property Is Sold

Your capital gain is calculated as:

Sale Price – Stepped-Up Basis – Documented Improvements After Inheritance = Taxable Gain

Important notes:

  • Improvements raise your tax basis, reducing taxable income
  • Repairs and maintenance generally do not increase the basis
  • Selling costs (commissions, closing costs) may reduce tax liability
  • If multiple heirs inherit the property, each heir reports their share

If you sell the property for less, you may claim a capital loss when the property is an investment or rental. You must report the sale on Schedule D and Form 8949 to show gains and losses.

Inheriting Rental or Investment Real Property

When you inherit rental property or an investment property, additional tax rules apply.

Important considerations

  • Depreciation does not carry over. You start a new depreciation schedule even if the decedent owned the property as a rental for years or rented the property for at least two decades.

  • Your tax basis resets to the market value on the date of death, reducing future capital gain.
  • Rental income becomes part of your tax return and must be reported as taxable income.
  • Holding a rental provides ongoing cash flow, but it also requires careful record-keeping for tax purposes.

Retaining an investment or rental property may create opportunities but also responsibilities — especially if several heirs must coordinate.

If You Do Not Want to Sell the Inherited Property Immediately

Families often hesitate to sell right away. It is normal to need time to grieve or to decide whether to live in the home, rent it, or hold it as an investment.

If you wait to sell inherited property, be sure to:

  • Document the fair market value as of the date of death
  • Track all improvements and major expenses
  • Understand that appreciation over time may create long-term capital gain
  • Consider your tax bracket and how future gain may affect taxable income
  • Discuss intentions early if multiple heirs are involved

Delaying the sale can support thoughtful planning, but it may also increase your capital gains tax liability.

Practical Ways to Maximize Your Tax Savings

Families often ask how to avoid capital gains or minimize capital gains tax on the property you inherited. While every situation is unique, helpful strategies include:

1. Selling Soon After Inheritance

This avoids gains caused by market appreciation.

2. Tracking Improvements After Inheritance

Documented improvements increase your basis of property, reducing taxable gain.

3. Moving In and Qualifying for the Home Sale Exclusion

Living in the home for two of the past five years before the sale may help eliminate capital gains tax.

4. Considering a 1031 Exchange for Investment Property

If the property is an investment, a 1031 exchange may defer gains tax on inherited property.

5. Reviewing State Rules

Some states have estate tax, inheritance tax, or other tax rules that affect how families pay capital gains tax or file an estate tax return.

6. Working with a Tax Professional

A tax professional can evaluate nuances such as long-term capital rates, whether you may owe capital gains, and whether certain choices could trigger capital gains tax unnecessarily.

How SKY Investment Group Helps Families Navigate Inherited Property

At SKY, our goal is to bring thoughtful guidance to every family we serve. Inheriting property is a major moment, and you should never feel like you are navigating complex tax rules or big financial decisions alone. We take the time to explain each step, build a plan that reflects your family’s values, and help you make choices that help protect your long-term legacy. We are here to guide you forward with thoughtful planning and trusted expertise.

Frequently Asked Questions

When do you pay capital gains tax on inherited property?

Only when you sell the property for more than its stepped-up basis. The inheritance itself is not taxable income.

What is the stepped-up basis?

It is the fair market value of the property as of the date of death, used to calculate any taxable gain.

Can I claim a loss if I sell the property for less than the stepped-up basis?

Yes, if the property is an investment or rental, you may claim a capital loss.

Is inherited property taxed for estate or inheritance purposes?

Only if the estate exceeds federal thresholds or if your state has its own inheritance tax or estate tax.

What happens if multiple heirs inherit property together?

Each heir receives a share of the basis in the property and reports their portion of gains or losses.

Can I avoid paying capital gains tax?

Possible strategies include selling soon, using the home sale exclusion, tracking improvements, or considering tax-advantaged exchanges.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

Contact us today to start a conversation

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Inheriting Stock: What You Need to Know About Cost Basis, Taxes, and Smart Strategy

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If you’ve ever inherited stock, you might have had two immediate reactions: first, gratitude, and then, confusion. What happens next? Do you owe taxes immediately? Should you sell or keep the shares?

The good news: You usually don’t owe taxes when you inherit stock. What you do next, whether you sell, hold, or time your decisions carefully, can strongly influence what you ultimately owe. Inheriting stock can also offer a valuable tax break if you understand how cost basis and the step-up in basis rule work.

Key Takeaways

  • Inherited stocks receive a “step‑up” in cost basis, resetting their value to the fair market price on the date of death.
  • You won’t owe taxes right away just for inheriting stock; gains are taxable only if you later sell the shares for more than the stepped‑up value.
  • Confirm your cost basis with the executor or brokerage before selling to avoid IRS reporting errors.
  • Community property states may offer a double step‑up for spouses, while in common‑law states, only the decedent’s share receives it.

How Stock Inheritance Works

Stocks and mutual fund shares can transfer in several ways after someone passes away:

  • Through a will or trust: The executor or trustee arranges for the assets to be retitled or distributed according to the estate plan.
  • Transfer-on-death (TOD) or payable-on-death (POD) designations: These allow brokerage accounts to pass directly to named beneficiaries without the need for probate.
  • Joint accounts with rights of survivorship: Ownership passes automatically to the surviving account holder.

Before the assets are released, the brokerage usually needs a death certificate and documentation such as Letters Testamentary or a certification of trust, depending on how the assets were held.​

If no beneficiary or TOD designation exists, the account may go through probate, a legal process that can delay transfers. For shares held directly with transfer agents such as Computershare, separate forms and procedures usually apply, which may differ from those used by traditional brokerage accounts.

Spousal and partner considerations: In community property states (like California or Texas), a surviving spouse may get a double step-up in basis. Domestic partners and non-spouse heirs, however, don’t automatically receive the same estate tax benefits under federal law, so planning ahead matters.

Note: Inherited retirement accounts follow entirely different tax rules. This article focuses on taxable (non-retirement) investments.

2. Understanding Cost Basis and the Step-Up Rule

Cost basis is the original value used to determine gains or losses when you sell an investment. For example, if you bought Apple stock years ago for $50 a share and sold at $200, your gain is $150 per share. But when you inherit stock, the math changes.

The “step-up in basis” rule

For inherited stocks, the IRS generally allows the cost basis to be reset to the fair market value (FMV) on the date of death. In some cases, the executor may use an alternate valuation date, up to six months later, but only if the estate is large enough to require filing Form 706 (the federal estate tax return).

That means if your uncle bought those Apple shares at $50 but they were worth $200 when he passed away, your new cost basis is $200. If you sell them for $205, you only owe tax on the $5 gain (ignoring transaction costs).

When the step-up doesn’t apply:

  • Lifetime gifts don’t get a step-up; they retain the donor’s original cost basis (the carryover rule).
  • Certain irrevocable trusts may not qualify for a step-up under updated IRS guidance starting in 2025.
  • Assets that have declined in value are stepped down to their lower fair market value.

In common‑law states, when jointly owned assets pass to a surviving co‑owner, only the deceased’s half typically receives a step‑up in basis. The survivor’s original half keeps its original cost basis, unlike married couples in community property states, where both halves often receive a double step‑up.

Why it matters: A properly documented step-up can mean the difference between little to no tax and a large capital gains bill later.

3. How Capital Gains Tax Works on Inherited Stock

Here’s another break: when you sell inherited stock, the IRS automatically treats it as “deemed to have a long-term holding period,” even if you sell it the next day.​ Regardless of how long the decedent owned the stock, all inherited assets are treated as long-term for capital gains tax purposes.

Calculating the gain or loss

Sale price – stepped-up cost basis = taxable gain or deductible loss.

Selling shortly after inheritance typically means minimal gain and minimal tax.

Holding for years can result in new gains above the stepped-up basis, which will be taxable when sold.

Example:
Your parent bought a stock for $20 that’s now worth $90. At their passing, your new basis steps up to $90. If you sell it quickly for $92, your taxable gain is only $2 per share, instead of $72.

Tax rates to know

  • Federal long-term capital gains: 0%, 15%, or 20% depending on income level
  • Possible 8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) for higher-income individuals
  • State capital gains taxes may also apply.

Tip: Always confirm the cost basis with the executor or financial institution before selling to avoid misreporting on your tax return.

4. Estate and Inheritance Taxes: What Heirs Should Know

Here’s how federal, state, and inheritance taxes may affect what you receive.

Federal estate tax

  • This tax is paid by the estate, not by the heir.
  • The 2025 exemption is $13.99 million per person, subject to inflation adjustments or future legislative changes.
  • The majority of estates fall below this threshold and won’t owe federal estate tax.
  • Estates that exceed the federal exemption are subject to a progressive federal estate tax, which tops out at 40 % on amounts above the exemption threshold.

Inheritance tax

The U.S. has no federal inheritance tax, but a handful of states (Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) impose one. Iowa’s inheritance tax will no longer apply by 2025.

Whether you pay depends on your relationship to the decedent. Spouses are often exempt; more distant heirs may owe tax.

State-level estate taxes

States like Massachusetts and Oregon have their own estate taxes with much lower exemptions, which can affect stock transfers even when no federal estate tax is due.

Impact on partners and non-spouses

Federal estate tax marital deductions apply only to legally married spouses, which can make estate planning especially important for domestic partners and non-traditional families.

5. Should You Hold or Sell Inherited Stocks?

Whether to hold or sell depends on a mix of tax strategy, investment goals, and personal circumstances.

Key factors to weigh

Tax implications: Selling soon after inheritance often means very low gains due to the step-up in basis.

Investment strategy: Evaluate whether the inherited stocks fit your overall portfolio goals.

Emotional considerations: Sentimental attachment can lead to poor financial decisions if it overrides sound strategy. On the flip side, you may want to honor a legacy or maintain family control of the stock.

Pros of selling right away

  • Minimal taxable gain due to the recent step-up.
  • Simplifies accounting and rebalancing your portfolio.

Risks of holding

  • Market volatility or over-concentration in one company or sector.
  • Emotional bias may prevent rational decisions.

6. Managing, Reporting, and Planning for Inherited Stock

Proper reporting and organization after inheriting stock help reduce tax complications and simplify future planning.

Tax Reporting and Record Keeping

  • The brokerage will issue a Form 1099-B when you sell, reflecting the sale price. Verify that the cost basis reflects the stepped-up value; if not, provide documentation to correct it.
  • Report sales on Schedule D of your federal tax return.
  • Executors or tax professionals may use Form 706 (if the estate filed one) to document the fair market value at death.
  • Always keep statements or valuations confirming the date-of-death pricing for future reference and in case of IRS questions.

Planning for the next generation

  • Review and update beneficiary designations and TOD registrations regularly.
  • Use trusts for complex situations (e.g., multiple heirs or blended families).
  • Maintain organized cost basis records to simplify future inheritances.
  • Communicate your intentions early to prevent confusion or disputes later.
  • Work with a tax preparer or financial advisor to help ensure proper reporting.

Preserve Value, Simplify Taxes, and Plan Ahead

Receiving stock can reshape your financial future if you take the right steps from the start. Understanding how cost basis, step-up rules, and capital gains taxes work can make a substantial difference in what you or your heirs ultimately keep.

Handled wisely, these rules can dramatically reduce your tax burden and preserve more of your loved one’s legacy. From properly documenting the step-up to deciding when to sell, each decision can have a long-term impact on your financial future.

SKY IG helps families navigate the complex tax and estate considerations of inherited investments from valuation to liquidation and beyond. A well-structured plan today can ensure your legacy lasts for generations.

If you’ve recently inherited stocks or are planning ahead for your own estate, now is the perfect time to get clarity, simplify, and plan smartly.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

Contact us today to start a conversation

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Mastering the Family Wealth Transfer: Tax Strategies & Preparing the Next Generation

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Family wealth transfer is one of the most important financial steps for protecting what you have built and supporting future generations. Too many families lose wealth to avoidable mistakes, unclear plans, or missed opportunities. When managed with care, this process not only safeguards wealth but also reinforces family unity and fosters a lasting legacy.

Many families face a maze of tax rules, legal requirements, and emotional considerations that make this process feel overwhelming. Without a clear strategy, even well-intentioned plans risk unnecessary taxes, legal disputes, or fractured relationships.

What Taxes Come Into Play?

Before choosing a strategy, it is essential to understand the tax landscape that influences how wealth is transferred between generations. A few key taxes can significantly affect the amount ultimately passed on to your heirs. Knowing the basics early can help families avoid costly surprises.

  • Federal Estate Tax: This tax applies to the total value of an estate before assets are distributed. As of 2025, estates valued above $13.99 million may be subject to federal estate tax, which is paid by the estate and reduces the amount heirs receive.
  • State Estate and Inheritance Taxes: Several states have their own estate or inheritance taxes with different rules and exemption amounts. Inheritance taxes, paid by recipients, currently exist in five states (Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) and vary by the heir’s relationship to the deceased.
  • Gift Tax: This applies to lifetime transfers above the annual exemption of $19,000 per recipient as of 2025.Gifts above this amount reduce the lifetime estate and gift tax exemption.
  • Capital Gains Tax: If heirs sell inherited assets that appreciate after the date of death, they may owe capital gains tax. Fortunately, the stepped-up cost basis usually limits the taxable gain.
  • Income Tax: Inheritances themselves are generally not subject to income tax, but any income they generate, like dividends or rent, remains taxable.

Tax-Efficient Wealth Transfer Strategies

Every family’s financial picture is unique, but thoughtful planning can significantly impact how much wealth remains in the family over time.

Annual Gifting

Giving smaller gifts over time can reduce the size of your taxable estate. As of 2025, you can give up to $19,000 per recipient each year without triggering gift taxes. Because these gifts don’t count against your lifetime exemption ($13.99 million per individual), this approach is simple, flexible, and surprisingly powerful. Good record-keeping is key, but the strategy itself is straightforward and widely used.

Trusts

Trusts allow you to determine how and when assets are distributed while unlocking meaningful tax benefits. They may also protect family wealth from creditors and divorces. A few common options include:

  • Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts (ILITs): Remove life insurance proceeds from the taxable estate, providing heirs liquidity without tax liability.
  • Grantor Retained Annuity Trusts (GRATs): Let the grantor transfer appreciating assets at a discount, with excess growth passing to heirs if the grantor outlives the annuity term.
  • Spousal Lifetime Access Trusts (SLATs): Allow one spouse to give assets to a trust that benefits the other spouse and eventually the children, achieving estate tax benefits.
  • Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts (IDGTs): The grantor pays income tax on trust earnings, effectively making larger tax-free gifts to heirs over time.

Setting up trusts takes expertise, but they can be one of the most effective tools for long-term wealth preservation.

Direct Payments for Education and Medical Expenses

Paying a school or medical provider directly for someone else’s expenses is a powerful way to help family members without touching your gift tax limits. There’s no cap on these payments, and they don’t require filing gift tax returns.

Family Limited Partnerships and LLCs

An FLP or family LLC allows family members to pool assets such as real estate, investment portfolios, or business interests into a single entity, simplifying management and ownership transfer. The senior generation typically retains control as general partner or managing member while gifting limited partnership or membership interests to heirs.

Upstream Gifting

Instead of passing assets down the family tree, some families gift them up to older relatives such as parents or grandparents. When these relatives eventually pass the assets back down, the cost basis can reset to current market value, potentially reducing future capital gains taxes for the next generation. This strategy can be particularly effective with highly appreciated assets, but it requires careful planning to ensure the older recipient doesn’t face unintended tax or Medicaid issues.

Intra-Family Loans

Families can lend money at the IRS’s low Applicable Federal Rate, helping younger members fund a business, buy a home, or invest. As long as the loan is properly documented and interest is paid, this approach avoids gift tax while enabling wealth to grow within the family.

Jump-Start Roth IRAs

Gifting funds to younger family members with earned income to contribute to Roth IRAs leverages the advantage of many growth years ahead. Roth IRAs grow tax-free, and distributions in retirement are also tax-exempt.

529 Plan Rollovers into Roth IRAs

The SECURE 2.0 Act introduced provisions allowing unused 529 education savings plan funds to be rolled over into a Roth IRA for the beneficiary under specific conditions. This offers families more flexibility in funding education or retirement using the same pool of assets.

Protective Lifetime Trusts and Digital Asset Planning

Modern estates include more than property and bank accounts. Cryptocurrency, online businesses, domain names, and even social media accounts can hold real financial or sentimental value. A good plan outlines how these assets are stored, who can access them, and how they should be passed on. This avoids the all-too-common problem of valuable digital property becoming inaccessible after someone passes away.

Preparing to Transfer Wealth

Step 1: Organize and Know What You Have

Inventory all assets, liabilities, account details, and legal documents. Ensure beneficiary designations and ownership titles are current to avoid surprises.

Step 2: Clarify Your Wealth Transfer Goals

Are you prioritizing family business continuation, charitable giving, or education funding? Clear intentions direct the structure of your estate plan and can inform your financial team’s strategy.

Step 3: Update Trusts, Wills, and Other Documents

Review and revise wills, trusts, powers of attorney, and medical directives regularly. Test your plan against likely scenarios like divorce or incapacity.

Step 4: Communicate Early and Openly with Family

Initiate conversations about your estate plan, values, and financial realities. Use tools like family mission statements or wealth letters to align expectations.

Step 5: Involve Advisors and Educate Heirs

Many families work with trusted professionals to bring legal, tax, and financial expertise together and to help educate the next generation for responsible stewardship. Trusted guidance can make complex decisions clearer and ensure that everyone involved understands their roles.

SKY Investment Group supports families through this process by helping coordinate their advisory teams and prepare heirs for effective stewardship of their legacy.

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Step 6: Review and Adjust Over Time

Life changes and tax laws evolve. Schedule annual check-ins with your advisors and family members to keep your plan up to date.

Preparing the Next Generation for an Inheritance

Emotional Readiness

Inheriting wealth often coincides with a time of loss, which can add emotional weight to financial responsibility. Heirs may feel anxious, unprepared, or uncertain about expectations. Families can ease this transition by discussing values and goals openly beforehand, framing the inheritance as part of a shared purpose rather than a mere transfer of assets.

Financial Skills Development

Start financial education early, matching it to the heir’s age and experience. For young children, this might mean teaching basic concepts like saving and budgeting using allowance or gift money. As they grow, introduce lessons on investing, taxes, and financial planning using real-world examples.

Well before the inheritance transfer, introduce heirs to trusted family advisors like financial planners, accountants, and estate attorneys, so they become comfortable asking questions and understanding the family’s financial picture. Consider staged gifting, where smaller sums are given initially along with guidance on how to manage them responsibly.

Frequent Missteps to Avoid

Even well-designed plans can run into problems. Here are some common mistakes that can derail family wealth transfers and how to avoid them.

  1. Procrastinating: Waiting too long to plan can limit your options and increase tax exposure.
  2. Outdated documents: Wills and trusts that haven’t been updated can create confusion or even legal disputes.
  3. Skipping family conversations: Surprises often lead to conflict. Open communication prevents misunderstandings.
  4. Ignoring state tax rules: State estate or inheritance taxes can catch families off guard if they only focus on federal rules.
  5. Overlooking digital assets: Failing to plan for online accounts or cryptocurrency can leave valuable property locked away forever.

A little foresight goes a long way in avoiding these pitfalls.

Build a Wealth Transfer Plan that Works for Everyone

A well-designed wealth transfer plan carries both financial strength and the story of what matters most to your family. By combining smart tax strategies with honest conversations and clear preparation, families can build legacies that endure.

The best time to start is now. Small steps today can shape a stronger future for the people you care about most.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

Contact us today to start a conversation

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Teaching Children About Money: Tips for Building Lifelong Financial Habits

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As parents, you set the foundation for how your child views wealth, responsibility, and opportunity. Starting early matters, and how you teach matters just as much.

The goal is to create calm, honest moments that help children understand money without stress or pressure. When kids learn about money in a thoughtful way, they grow up seeing money as a tool, not a source of confusion.

The truth is that financial literacy and generational wealth only grow when families make it a shared responsibility. Children can learn how to manage money, save, budget, and even invest when parents create space for conversation.

For many high-net-worth families, money can feel abstract or complicated. That’s why it’s essential to give kids clear guidance so they learn the value of money, make confident decisions, and manage responsibility before adulthood.

Remember, children learn not just from what they are told, but also by watching parental behavior around money. Consistently modeling positive habits is key.

Start Early: Build a Foundation for Financial Literacy

Teach Your Toddler the Basic Concepts of Money

Start teaching your kids about money early. Toddlers don’t need to understand compound interest, but they can grasp simple ideas like the difference between needs and wants. Show them how trading coins for small toys works so they start connecting choices with outcomes.

A lemonade stand is another great way to teach kids about earning. It shows how effort creates value. When children see coins and bills change hands, they begin to understand that money is a tool they can learn to manage.

Introduce a Piggy Bank and Savings Account

Give your child a piggy bank to practice saving money. Once they understand the basics, help your child open a savings account. This illustrates how savings accumulate over time. Encourage your child to set goals for specific amounts of money and celebrate their progress.

Not every family approaches saving in the same way. Some may use cash and a piggy bank, others might prefer a simple app or a chart with stickers to track progress. The tool itself isn’t what matters. What matters is teaching your child to set clear goals and make thoughtful choices with the resources they have.

Earning, Spending, and Saving

Use Allowance as a Tool for Teaching Responsibility

Allowance gives kids a safe way to learn about managing money by connecting effort with reward. Even in wealthy families, this lesson is vital.

There are different schools of thought on allowances; some parents tie allowance to chores, while others provide a set sum to teach budgeting, or use a hybrid approach. Choose the system that best matches your family’s values, but what’s most important is that children handle money regularly and make real decisions.

You can split allowance into three categories: spend, save, and donate. This structure builds habits around money management. It shows children about money in a way that feels practical and real.

Let your child pick how to spend their money. If they make a poor choice, don’t bail them out. Consequences create powerful learning moments. Resist the urge to rescue children from every mistake. Low-stakes errors teach resilience and build real financial capability. These experiences help children develop self-efficacy far more than lectures can.

Show Them How to Budget

Budgeting gives kids a sense of control and teaches them how to plan ahead. Begin with simple categories such as toys, experiences, and donations to guide thoughtful decision-making. As they grow, you can include age-appropriate conversations about priorities and tradeoffs, but keep these focused on their personal budget, not the family’s.

A budget is one of the best ways to build financial literacy because it connects today’s decisions with tomorrow’s outcomes in a clear, low-pressure way.

How to Teach Children About Investing

Explain the Power of Compound Interest

Older kids can grasp compound interest when it’s explained with real numbers. Start with a simple example:

“If you put $100 into a savings account that earns 5% a year, after the first year you’ll have $105. In the second year, you’ll earn interest not just on the $100 but also on the $5, so your total keeps growing. If you leave that $100 alone for 10 years, it becomes more than $160 without adding another dollar.”

You can make this lesson tangible by using an online compound interest calculator or sketching it out on paper. Let your child pick different amounts of money and interest rates so they can see how time multiplies growth.

For high-net-worth families, this lesson matters even more. Understanding how compounding works teaches patience and encourages long-term thinking. It also helps children see why investing early creates freedom and opportunity later in life.

Once they understand compound interest, start introducing the basics of credit and debt. Explain the difference between a debit and a credit card, how borrowing works, and why interest on debt can add up quickly. For teens, consider supervised use of a low-limit credit card.

Help Your Child Start Investing Early

Once your child understands saving, introduce basic investing. A custodial or Roth account can give older kids hands-on experience. Start with simple investments that may be of interest to them.

Show them how every dollar invested has a purpose. Let them track their progress. Investing teaches kids about risk, reward, and decision-making. It’s a smart way to help them learn about money in the real world.

Use Real Life Examples

Everyday life gives parents countless chances to teach. Here are a few examples:

  • Grocery shopping together helps kids learn the difference between needs and wants.
  • Online games about money can reinforce budgeting skills in a fun way.
  • Letting a child manage money for a school event gives them real responsibility.
  • Saving for a toy or experience teaches patience and goal-setting. When they finally reach the goal, the lesson sticks.
  • Shopping for gifts gives kids a chance to plan spending, compare prices, and stick to a budget.

Above all, let children experience the outcomes of their financial choices, both good and bad, and discuss what they learned from each experience.

Encourage Your Child to Give

Donating teaches empathy and responsibility. When kids give to causes they care about, they learn that money is more than a tool for personal gain.

High-net-worth parents can match donations to amplify impact. This reinforces the idea that wealth brings opportunities to contribute to the world.

Prepare Them to Make Independent Financial Decisions

As your child begins to manage more financial responsibility, let them make real decisions. This could involve choosing how to spend money earned from a part-time job or deciding how much to save for a future goal.

Mistakes will happen. That’s part of the learning process. When kids make financial decisions and see the outcomes, they gain confidence and wisdom.

As children mature, let their responsibilities grow to include opening their own bank accounts or managing small debts (like paying back a sibling or parent), always with guidance but less intervention over time.

Prepare the Next Generation to Lead with Confidence

Teaching children about money isn’t a one-time event. It’s an ongoing process that grows as children grow. When parents provide consistent and mindful guidance, children build lifelong healthy money habits.

SKY Investment Group believes that families thrive when financial knowledge is shared across generations. You have the opportunity to help your children understand money, build strong habits, and step into adulthood with confidence. If you want your kids to grow into confident, responsible adults who understand the value of money, start the conversation today.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

Contact us today to start a conversation

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Common Mistakes When Transferring Wealth

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We spend a lifetime building wealth through hard work, smart investing, and thoughtful planning. But transferring that wealth to the next generation can be surprisingly complex. Without careful planning, even well-intentioned families can face unnecessary taxes, legal disputes, and damaged relationships.

At SKY Investment Group, we’ve guided families through the complex realities of wealth transfer for years, helping them turn careful planning into lasting impact. In this guide, we’ll explore the most common and costly wealth transfer mistakes people make and how to avoid them.

What We’ll Cover:

  1. Choosing the Wrong Executor or Trustee
  2. Misunderstanding Trust Funding and Management

1. Leaving the Estate Tax Exemption on the Table

Every U.S. citizen has a lifetime estate and gift tax exemption, which is an amount you can pass to heirs free of federal estate tax. Many families do not take full advantage of this exemption, often leaving potentially significant tax savings behind.

  • For 2025, the exemption remains at $13.99 million per individual (roughly $27.98 million for married couples).
  • Starting January 1, 2026, that exemption jumps to $15 million per individual (or $30 million for married couples) and will be indexed for inflation in subsequent years.
  • Unlike the prior law, the “Big Beautiful Bill” eliminates the scheduled “sunset” that would have reduced the exemption sharply. In other words, the $15 million (inflation-adjusted) threshold is now permanent unless future legislation changes it.

Another important point is that the generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax exemption increases in step with the estate and gift tax exemption. This means the same higher exemption amount also applies to assets passed directly to grandchildren or other “skip” beneficiaries, which can allow families to transfer wealth across multiple generations more efficiently.

What to do:

  • Use lifetime gifting strategically to reduce taxable estate size.
  • Leverage federal portability: married couples can combine exemptions if planned correctly.
  • Stay informed about changing exemption amounts (they can be adjusted by Congress).

Bottom line: Thoughtful planning can mean the difference between preserving wealth for your heirs and potentially losing a large portion to taxes. Many families benefit from spreading gifts over several years, taking advantage of both annual exclusions and lifetime exemptions to build an efficient, flexible transfer strategy.

2. Overlooking Trusts as a Tool for Protection and Control

Trusts aren’t just for the ultra-wealthy. They’re one of the most effective tools for protecting assets, minimizing taxes, and ensuring wealth is distributed according to your intentions. Without a trust, your estate may face probate, delays, and unintended outcomes. Assets passed outright to heirs may be vulnerable to creditors, divorce settlements, or financial mismanagement.

A well-structured trust can allow you to control how and when beneficiaries receive their inheritance. For example, you can schedule distributions at specific ages or tie them to milestones like education, homeownership, or career achievements. This can help protect heirs from external claims and, just as importantly, from the risks of receiving a large sum without financial guardrails.

Key advantages of trusts:

  • Avoid probate and maintain family privacy
  • Protect assets from creditors, lawsuits, and divorce settlements
  • Mitigate estate taxes and preserve wealth for future generations
  • Provide structured, staggered distributions rather than lump sums
  • Support beneficiaries who may not be ready to manage wealth responsibly

There are many types of trusts, but most fall into two broad categories. Revocable trusts allow you to maintain flexibility and control during your lifetime, while irrevocable trusts can offer stronger asset protection and tax benefits.

Tip: Work with a qualified estate planning attorney to determine the right trust structure for your goals and your family’s unique needs. Our financial advisors coordinate closely with your attorney and tax professional to ensure your investment, tax, and estate strategies all work together toward one cohesive plan.

3. Ignoring the Complexities of Blended Families

Blended families add a layer of complexity to estate planning. If you have children from a previous marriage, a new spouse, or stepchildren, simply leaving assets “to the family” can create unintended conflict.

Without clear legal structures, assets can end up with unintended beneficiaries, leaving some family members feeling overlooked or shortchanged. This is especially common when estate plans aren’t updated after major life events like a new marriage or divorce, which can change how blended families are structured.

How to address this:

  • Use trusts to ensure children and spouses are provided for as intended.
  • Clearly document wishes to avoid ambiguity.
  • Consider appointing a neutral trustee to reduce conflicts.
  • Communicate openly with family members about your intentions.

Clarity today prevents painful disputes tomorrow.

4. Avoiding Discussions with Heirs About Future Plans

Many families avoid talking about inheritance because it feels uncomfortable. But silence can lead to misunderstandings, resentment, or legal disputes after your passing.

Benefits of clear communication:

  • Prevents surprises that can fracture families.
  • Gives heirs time to emotionally and financially prepare.
  • Allows you to explain your reasoning, not just the numbers.
  • Helps identify potential issues early.

This doesn’t mean revealing every detail of your net worth. It means setting expectations, sharing your values, and ensuring your loved ones understand the why behind your plan.

5. Underestimating the Impact of Estate and Inheritance Taxes

Even with careful planning, heirs may face various taxes: federal estate tax, state estate tax, and sometimes income tax on certain assets (like retirement accounts).

Strategies That Can Mitigate Tax Burdens

  1. Use trusts to minimize the taxable estate.
    As mentioned above, strategically transferring assets into certain types of trusts can remove them from your taxable estate while still allowing you to set conditions on their use.
  2. Explore charitable giving strategies.
    Gifts to qualified charities can reduce the size of your taxable estate and generate income tax deductions during your lifetime. Tools like charitable remainder trusts or donor-advised funds allow you to support causes you care about while also achieving meaningful tax savings.
  3. Consider life insurance to provide liquidity.
    Estate taxes are often due in cash within a relatively short time after death. Life insurance can create immediate liquidity, so heirs do not need to sell assets quickly or at a discount just to cover taxes. This can be especially important for estates with real estate or illiquid investments.
  4. Coordinate with tax and legal advisors.
    Tax rules are complex and often change. A coordinated approach with estate attorneys, financial planners, and tax professionals helps ensure strategies work together, rather than in isolation, and that no key opportunities are overlooked.

6. Failing to Establish or Update Your Will

A will is the cornerstone of any estate plan. Without one, state intestacy laws decide who inherits your property, and those rules may not match your wishes.

Even if you have a will, an outdated document can be just as problematic. Marriage, divorce, births, deaths, and moves between states can all affect your plan.

Best practices:

  • Create a legally valid will, even if your estate is modest.
  • Review and update every 3–5 years or after major life events.
  • Coordinate your will with other estate planning documents.

A current will ensures your voice guides the process (not the courts).

7. Neglecting Beneficiary Designations

Certain assets, such as retirement accounts, life insurance policies, and annuities, transfer through beneficiary designations, not through your will.

If those designations are outdated or inconsistent for those specific assets the beneficiary form will generally override the terms of your will or trust. It’s not uncommon for ex-spouses or deceased beneficiaries to still be listed.

How to avoid this mistake:

  • Review designations annually.
  • Ensure they align with your will and trust structure.
  • Name contingent beneficiaries as backups.

8. Choosing the Wrong Executor or Trustee

The executor or trustee plays a critical role in administering your estate or trust. Choosing someone simply because they’re your oldest child or closest friend may not be wise.

Qualities to look for:

  • Integrity and trustworthiness.
  • Financial literacy or willingness to work with professionals.
  • Ability to act impartially and handle complex situations.
  • Availability and willingness to serve.

In some cases, appointing a professional fiduciary may be the best choice to minimize family friction and ensure objective management.

9. Misunderstanding Trust Funding and Management

Creating a trust is only the first step, but funding it properly is essential. Many people set up trusts but fail to transfer ownership of assets into them, leaving the trust ineffective.

Common oversights:

  • Not retitling real estate, bank accounts, or investment accounts.
  • Forgetting to assign business interests or intellectual property.
  • Leaving beneficiary designations outdated instead of naming the trust
  • Failing to update newly acquired assets.

Example Scenario
A couple set up a revocable living trust to avoid probate and simplify the transfer of their home and investment accounts to their children. However, they never retitled the house or moved the accounts into the trust. When they passed away, the assets had to go through probate anyway, delaying distributions and adding legal costs the trust was meant to prevent.

10. Overlooking State-Specific Laws and Tax Rules

State laws vary widely in how they treat estate taxes, inheritance taxes, and property transfers.

Some states have no estate tax, while others impose their own, separate from federal law. Residency rules can also affect how assets are taxed. For example in Connecticut and Massachusetts, only the amount above the exemption is taxed. New Hampshire has no state estate tax. Below is a snapshot of tax rules of certain close by states. This is provided for informational purposes only.

State

Estate Tax?

Exemption / Threshold (most recent)

Tax Rate / Notes

Connecticut

Yes

$13.99 million for 2025 estates
Flat 12% above the exemption
Massachusetts

Yes

$13.99 million for 2025 estates
Progressive rate from 7.2% – 16% above the exemption
New Hampshire

No

No state estate tax; no inheritance tax
Only federal estate tax applies
New Jersey

No

Inheritance tax exemption depends on the relationship to the deceased.
Inheritance tax rate dependent on relationship to deceased. Ranges from 0-16%
New York

Yes

$7,160,000 exemption as of 2025
3.06% – 16% above the exemption. Estates over $7,518,000 lose exemption entirely.

What to consider:

  • Know your state’s estate and inheritance tax laws.
  • Review whether moving or establishing residency elsewhere could impact your plan.
  • Ensure your documents comply with local law. Out-of-state templates often miss nuances.

11. Underestimating Medicaid & Long-Term Care Implications

Long-term care can quickly deplete an estate. Many families are unaware that gifting assets can affect Medicaid eligibility. Medicaid has a look-back period (typically five years in most states) during which any gifts or transfers of assets for less than fair market value can delay or reduce eligibility for coverage. The idea is to prevent people from giving away assets just to qualify for government assistance.

Strategies to consider:

  • Use irrevocable trusts to protect assets while preserving eligibility.
  • Consider long-term care insurance to reduce financial risk.
  • Start planning early. Last-minute transfers can trigger penalties.

12. Overlooking Generation-Skipping Transfer (GST) Tax

The GST is designed to prevent families from avoiding estate taxes by skipping a generation (e.g., leaving assets directly to grandchildren).

This tax can even apply unintentionally, such as when a child predeceases a parent and their share passes directly to grandchildren, effectively skipping a generation.

Ways to mitigate GST tax exposure:

  • Understand when GST tax applies and how exemptions work.
  • Use GST-exempt trusts for multigenerational wealth planning.
  • Coordinate with professionals to structure transfers strategically.

Even families with moderate estates can be affected, so don’t overlook this area.

13. Failing to Plan for Digital Assets

In today’s digital world, many estates aren’t just physical and financial; they’re also digital. That includes everything from online bank accounts and cryptocurrency to social media and cloud storage.

Without clear instructions, heirs may not be able to access or manage these assets.

Best practices:

  • Create an inventory of digital accounts and assets.
  • Securely store passwords and provide legal authorization.
  • Include digital asset instructions in your estate plan. Under the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA), fiduciaries need explicit legal authorization to access or manage these accounts.

14. Not Planning for Life’s ‘What Ifs’

 Life can bring unexpected turns, and preparing for them ensures your loved ones are supported no matter what happens. What if you become incapacitated? What if a beneficiary dies first? Taking these steps isn’t about expecting the worst. It’s about providing clarity, comfort, and protection for the people you care about most.

How to cover contingencies:

  • Include powers of attorney and healthcare directives.
  • Name contingent beneficiaries and backup fiduciaries.
  • Address simultaneous death scenarios in legal documents.

Planning Today Protects Tomorrow

Planning for a wealth transfer involves securing your family’s future, preserving harmony, and ensuring your legacy endures.

Common mistakes, from neglecting tax exemptions to overlooking digital assets, can lead to unnecessary costs, legal disputes, and heartache. But with proactive, comprehensive planning, these pitfalls are entirely avoidable.

Whether your estate is modest or substantial, the principles are the same:

  • Plan early.
  • Communicate clearly.
  • Review regularly.
  • Work with experienced professionals.

At SKY IG, we help ensure all the moving parts of your wealth transfer strategy work together seamlessly, creating a cohesive and tax-informed plan tailored to you.

This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to constitute tax, legal or financial advice. SKY Investment Group LLC (“SKY”) is an SEC registered investment advisor. Being registered with the SEC does not imply any specific level of skill or training. SKY is neither a certified public accounting firm nor a law firm and does not provide tax or legal advice, respectively, to clients; such services are provided through select third parties unaffiliated with SKY. Tax and estate planning strategies are unique to each client’s circumstances and success cannot be guaranteed. Please contact a tax or legal professional for advice in such matters. Investing involves the risk of loss, including the risk of loss of the entire investment. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss.

A view down the pier boardwalk on a beautiful summer day by the Long Island Sound at Calf Pasture Beach in Norwalk, Connecticut USA

Third Quarter 2025 Review and Commentary

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October 9, 2025

Robert Bingham, CFA, President and Chief Investment Officer
John Wright, Principal, Senior Portfolio Manager
Jared Soper, Senior Portfolio Manager
Tyler Waterman, Director of Research, Portfolio Manager

“Bull markets are born on pessimism, grow on skepticism, mature on optimism and die on euphoria.”

 – Sir John Templeton

Equity markets continued their hot streak following the Liberation Day-fueled April selloff to set new record highs in the month of September. The S&P 500 finished the quarter up 8.1% including dividends, bringing the total return for the year through September 30th to +14.8%. Even more impressive in the third quarter was the performance of the Nasdaq Composite and Russell 2000 Index, which saw total returns of +11.4% and +12.4% respectively. Gains were driven by lower interest rates and strong company earnings, as over 80% of S&P 500 constituents beat estimates.

The Russell 2000, which is composed of smaller companies, saw a strong recovery after a negative total return through the end of the second quarter, indicating that market strength may be broadening out beyond technology companies tied to AI investments. Nevertheless, one of the dominant narratives of the quarter was the ongoing surge in investor enthusiasm for artificial intelligence and related infrastructure stocks, which also had outsized gains.

The rapid market ascent has led many analysts to call into question how sustainable these market returns will be going forward. There has been no shortage of commentary that equity valuations appear stretched and AI participants may be approaching bubble territory, with some even comparing the current environment to the infamous “dot com bubble” in 2000.

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, when asked if there were signs that the current AI industry is in a bubble, responded that, “this is a kind of industrial bubble”, but added that the technology is “real, and it is going to change every industry.” He went on to note that one of the hallmarks of a bubble is that people get really excited, “and investors have a hard time in the middle of this excitement, distinguishing between the good ideas and the bad ideas. And that’s probably also happening today.”  

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang weighed in on the comparisons to the “dot com bubble” during a CNBC interview. Mr. Huang observed that, “what’s going on in the world versus what happened in 2000 is dramatically different.” He added, “if you look at hyperscalers now, that’s where the first tranche of AI infrastructure is building…that’s $2.5 trillion of business already operating today…the [capital expenditure] that goes underneath that…call it about $500 billion, that transition from a classical CPU-based computing to now generative AI computing, powered by GPUs, that transition is just starting.”

We believe Jensen Huang is correct to note that comparisons of today’s market to the “dot com bubble” appear to be apples to oranges. Many companies that participated in the melt up preceding the 2000 crash were unprofitable, unlike cloud service providers (Amazon, Microsoft, and Google) and semiconductor companies driving the market higher this year, which are highly profitable. While price-to-earnings multiples and other valuation metrics have certainly moved higher, there is a strong argument to be made that the moves are justified by the growth in semiconductor sales and margins seen in the charts below.

SKYChartQ31
SkyChartQ32

AI company valuations aren’t the only market activity raising eyebrows. OpenAI, the artificial intelligence company well-known for the popular large language model ChatGPT, also made headlines multiple times during of the quarter. New and expanded partnerships with technology companies Broadcom, Oracle, and CoreWeave were revealed as OpenAI continues to invest heavily in data center infrastructure.

OpenAI has committed $10 billion to Broadcom for the development of custom AI accelerator chips, a staggering $300 billion to Oracle for cloud computing power, and an additional $6.3 billion to CoreWeave to help train OpenAI’s next-generation models. In October, OpenAI also announced a partnership with Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) to buy the latest version of AMD’s high performance graphic processing unit (GPU), starting next year. As a part of the deal, OpenAI was issued a warrant for up to 160 million shares of AMD, or 10% ownership, to further align strategic interests.

These large commitments from OpenAI beg the question: How is all of this going to be financed? OpenAI is currently valued at around $500 billion and their annualized recurring revenue as of July was $12 billion. The company is currently unprofitable but growing and building scale at a tremendous pace. Despite this strong growth, OpenAI does not expect to be cash flow positive until the end of the decade. Therefore, OpenAI needs to raise significant capital from outside sources.

On September 25th, Nvidia, the $4.5 trillion chipmaker, announced that they intend to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI to support the deployment of at least 10 gigawatts of AI data centers with Nvidia systems. This arrangement and others like it have raised concerns that these deals are circular in nature. In this scenario, Nvidia gives money to OpenAI for an equity stake, then OpenAI turns around and uses a portion of the funds to purchase hardware from Nvidia. Another portion of funds may be used by OpenAI to purchase cloud computing from Oracle, who will then buy additional GPUs from Nvidia. Also noteworthy: both Nvidia and OpenAI have equity stakes in CoreWeave, who is providing AI infrastructure to OpenAI and buys chips from Nvidia.

Acknowledgement and discussion of risks in the market is nothing new – stock valuations, inflation levels, tariff and trade policies, geopolitical turmoil, labor market softness, and most recently the U.S. Government shutdown have all contributed to the list of concerns for 2025. The healthy presence of pessimism often indicates that markets still have upside, supported by continued corporate earnings momentum, productivity gains, and declining interest rates.

On September 17, the Federal Reserve cut interest rates for the first time since December of last year, lowering the federal funds rate by 25 basis points (bps) to a target range of 4.00% to 4.25%. The move was largely anticipated and priced in by markets as treasury bond yields drifted higher in the days following the announcement. Expectations now reflect an additional 50 bps of interest rate cuts through the end of this year. 

Once again, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell highlighted the importance of the Fed’s dual mandate goals of maximum employment and low inflation at his press conference. He commented that, “while the unemployment rate remains low, it has edged up, job gains have slowed, and downside risks to employment have risen. At the same time, inflation has risen recently and remains somewhat elevated.”

Encouragingly, the median expectation from the Summary of Economic Projections projects gross domestic product (GDP) growth to accelerate slightly from 1.6% in 2025 to 1.8% in 2026, though these projections fall well below the 2.5% GDP growth we saw in 2024. The recent AI investment activity has certainly helped support the growth in GDP and some have projected third quarter GDP to exceed 3%.

Though the quarter began with the passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act and ended with a government shutdown, companies have continued to grow earnings and invest in their future. While a market correction is possible, it is not assured.  For this reason, we believe it is important to stay invested, diversify your holdings, and be prepared to take advantage of market weakness.

Securities noted above valued as of the market close on October 8, 2025:

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD $235.56)                                          Alphabet Inc. Class C (GOOG $245.46)                                   

Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN $225.22)                                                                                Broadcom Inc. (AVGO $345.50)                                                                   

CoreWeave, Inc. (CRWV $139.98)                                                                                  Microsoft Corporation (MSFT $524.85)                 

NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA $189.11)                                                        Oracle Corporation (ORCL $288.63)

 

These summary/prices/quotes/statistics contained herein have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but are not necessarily complete and cannot be guaranteed.  Errors and omissions excepted. 

This is not a general recommendation to buy or sell any particular security. Such advice is given to each of our clients individually based on their particular financial goals and objectives, risk tolerance and investment experience. For advice regarding your individual portfolio, please contact your investment manager. The information displayed here is limited to the dissemination of general information on products and services and transactions cannot be completed via this website.

The charts included in this report are sourced from Yardeni Research. 

AspenWealth_Sky

Aspen Standard Wealth Acquires SKY Investment Group, an $880 Million AUM RIA in Hartford

AspenWealth_Sky

Aspen creates permanent partnerships by investing in the long-term growth of successful RIAs

NEW YORK – July 9, 2025 –Aspen Standard Wealth, LLC (“Aspen”), a long-term partner and permanent home for successful independent advisory firms, today announced its acquisition of SKY Investment Group, LLC (“SKY”), a Hartford, Connecticut-based RIA with $880 million in assets under management (AUM).

Founded in 2005, SKY is an independent, research-driven money management firm that provides investment management and related wealth management services to individuals, families, businesses, and institutions. The firm is particularly known for its work with family principals who prioritize multigenerational education and the responsible transfer of wealth.

“We are incredibly excited to partner with Aspen and to work together to develop the next stage of SKY’s growth story,” said Robert Bingham, CFA, firm Founder and Chief Investment Officer. “In Aspen, we’ve found a durable platform and a partner that respects our legacy, culture, and long-term vision for the future—and that is incredibly reassuring and empowering.”

Aspen takes a differentiated approach to RIA partnerships: it does not buy to sell, instead investing in enduring partnerships that preserve firm identity, empower leadership, and drive sustainable growth.

“SKY is exactly the kind of firm we built Aspen for—deeply client-centric, values-led, and forward-thinking,” said Aly Kassim-Lakha, CEO of Aspen. “We’re honored to support their next phase of growth with long-term capital, infrastructure, and partnership.”

Aspen’s acquisition of SKY represents the third acquisition that Aspen has completed. Previous acquisitions include New England Private Wealth Advisors, LLC, and Summitry, LLC.

About Aspen Standard Wealth, LLC

Aspen Standard Wealth acquires leading RIAs and provides them with a permanent home. Aspen’s partnership model supports long-term growth, talent development, and legacy preservation while enabling firm leaders to operate independently. Aspen is not a registered investment adviser. Investment advisory services are delivered by its RIA partners. Learn more at aspenstandardwealth.com.

About SKY Investment Group, LLC

SKY Investment Group is an independent, research-driven, direct-instrument money management firm based in Hartford, Connecticut. SKY provides investment management and related wealth management services to individuals, families, businesses, and institutions. Learn more at SKY Investment Group.

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